Визначення особливостей стану ліберальної демократії як передумова оцінки її якості в «молодих демократіях» ЄС
Ключові слова:
автократизація, деконсолідація демократії, демократичний регрес, ліберальна демократія, популізм, якість демократії
Анотація
Досліджуються проблеми якості демократії в державах-учасницях ЄС, які приєдналися в процесі останніх розширень союзу. З'ясовуються основні прояви наростання демократичного регресу: підйом лівого та правого популізму, неліберальні урядові ініціативи, намагання влади звузити простір дії громадянського суспільства, утиски меншин (етнічних, сексуальних та ін.), наростання мови ненависті, політична корупція, демонізація біженців тощо. Діяльність ЄС у площині якості демократії охарактеризована як незадовільна, наслідком чого визначено наростання неліберальної демократії та інших видів дефектних демократій у державах-учасницях. Наявний спектр інструментів ЄС (зокрема й ст. 7 Договору про ЄС) визначено недостатнім для ефективного запобігання та протидії погіршенню якості демократії в країнах-учасницях. Підкреслено необхідність розробки та прийняття ЄС нових механізмів контролю за дотриманням демократичних стандартів у державах-учасницях. У статті приділено увагу питанню впливу інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій на ліберальну демократію (вплив онлайн-тролів та іншої віртуальної «зброї»). Доведено, що передумови для погіршення якості демократії в «молодих демократіях» Центральної та Східної Європи були закладені ще до глобальної фінансової кризи 2008 р., однак саме ця криза запустила механізми деконсолідації демократії. Виділено інституційні, політичні та економічні причини демократичного відставання держав Центральної та Східної Європи, які входять до ЄС. Зазначено, що пандемія COVID-19 не лише відклала реалізацію ЄС низки завдань щодо покращення якості демократії, а й слугувала підставою окремим державам-учас-ницям продовжити розширювати повноваження урядів і звужувати демократичний громадянський простір. Пандемію COVID-19 автор статті визначає як тест на стресостійкість для «молодих демократій» Центральної та Східної Європи, які входять до ЄС.
Посилання
Agh A. The triple crisis in Hungary: The "Backsliding" of Hungarian Democracy after Twenty Years. Romanian Journal of Political Science. 2013. Vol. 13. № 1. P. 25-51.
Agh A. The Decline of Democracy in East-Central Europe: Hungary as the Worst-Case Scenario. Problems of Post-Communism. 2016. Vol. 63. № 5-6. Р. 277-287.
Batory A. Populists in government? Hungary's "system of national cooperation". Democratization. 2016. Vol. 23. № 2. Р. 283-303.
Bermeo N. On Democratic Backsliding. Journal of Democracy. 2016. Vol. 27. № 1. Р. 5-19.
Buzogäny A. Illiberal democracy in Hungary: authoritarian diffusion or domestic causation? Democratization.
2017. Vol. 24. № 7. P. 1307-1325.
Dawson J., Hanley S. The Fading Mirage of the «Liberal Consensus*. Journal of Democracy. 2016. Vol. 27. № 1.
P. 20-34.
Democracy Facing Global Challenges. V-Dem Annual Democracy. Gothenburg : University of Gothenburg, 2019. 76 p.
Democracy for All? The V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2018. Gothenburg : Varieties of Democracy Institute, University of Gothenburg, 2018. 96 p.
Diamond L. Facing up to the democratic recession. Journal of Democracy. 2015. Vol. 26(1). P. 141-155.
Enyedi Z. Populist Polarization and Party System Institutionalization: The Role of Party Politics in De-Democratization. Problems of Post-Communism. 2016. Vol. 63. № 4. P. 210-220.
Fish M.S. The Dynamics of Democratic Erosion. Postcommunism and the theory of democracy / R.D. Anderson et.al. Chichester; Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2001. 216 p.
Fish M.S. Wittenberg J. Failed democratization. Democratization. New York : Oxford University Press, 2009.
Р. 260-265.
Fukuyama F. Why Is Democracy Performing So Poorly? Democracy in decline? / L.J. Diamond, M.F. Plattner (eds.). Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015.
Greskovits B. The Hollowing and Backsliding of Democracy in East Central Europe. Global Policy. 2015. Vol. 6.
№ 1. P. 28-37.
Herman L. Re-evaluating the post-communist success story: party elite loyalty, citizen mobilization and the
erosion of Hungarian democracy. European Political Science Review. 2016. Vol. 8. № 2. P. 251-284.
Huber R.A., Schimpf C.H. Friend or Foe? Testing the Influence of Populism on Democratic Quality in Latin
America. Political Studies. 2016. Vol. 64. № 4. P. 872-889.
Kapstein E.B., Converse N. The fate of young democracies. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2008.
188 p.
Krastev I. Liberalism's Failure to Deliver. Journal of Democracy. 2016. Vol. 27. № 1. P. 35-38. Levitsky S., Ziblatt D. How Democracies Die. New York : Crown, 2018. 312 p.
Lührmann А. et al. Democracy at Dusk? V-Dem Annual Report 2017. Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute, University of Gothenburg, 2017. 60 p.
Lust E., Waldner D. Theories of Democratic Change - Phase I: Theories of Democratic Backsliding. USAID Research and Innovation Grants Working Papers Series, 2015. 123 p.
Mechkova V., Lührmann A., Lindberg S. I. How Much Backsliding? Journal of Democracy. 2017. Vol. 28. №
4. P. 162-169.
Mounk Y. The people vs. democracy. Why our freedom is in danger and how to save it. Harvard : U Press,
2018. 400 p.
Müller J.-W. Should the EU Protect Democracy and the Rule of Law inside Member States. European Law
Journal. 2015. Vol. 21. № 2. P. 141-160.
Müller J.-W. What is populism? Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. 136 p.
Palonen E. Political polarisation and populism in contemporary Hungary. Parliamentary Affairs. 2009. Vol. 62. № 2. P. 318-334.
Pappas T. Populist Democracies: Post-Authoritarian Greece and Post-Communist Hungary. Government and Opposition. 2014. Vol. 49. № 1. P 1-23.
Plattner M.F. Liberal democracy's fading allure. Journal of Democracy. 2017. Vol. 28. № 4. P. 5-14. Pop-Eleches G. Throwing out the bums. Protest voting and unorthodox parties after communism. World
Politics. 2010. Vol. 62. № 2. P. 221-260.
Przeworski A. Democracy as an Equilibrium. Public Choice. 2005. Vol. 123. № 3/4. P. 253-273. Reynolds A. Designing democracy in a dangerous world. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2011. 218 p. Runciman D. How democracy ends. London : Profile Books, 2018. 256 p.
Rupnik J. From Democracy Fatigue to Populist Backlash. Journal of Democracy. 2007. Vol. 18. № 4. P. 17-25. Sitter N., Bakke E. Democratic Backsliding in the European Union. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics,
2019.
Agh, A. (2013). The triple crisis in Hungary: The "Backsliding" of Hungarian Democracy after Twenty Years. Romanian Journal of Political Science, № 13(1). P. 25-51. [in English]
Agh, A. (2016). The Decline of Democracy in East-Central Europe: Hungary as the Worst-Case Scenario. Problems of Post-Communism. № 63(5-6), P. 277-287. [in English]
Batory, A. (2016). Populists in government? Hungary's "system of national cooperation". Democratization. № 23(2). P. 283-303. [in English]
Bermeo, N. (2016). On Democratic Backsliding. Journal of Democracy, 27(1). P. 5-19. [in English]
Buzogäny, A. (2017). Illiberal democracy in Hungary: authoritarian diffusion or domestic causation?
Democratization. № 24 (7). P. 1307-1325. [in English]
Dawson, J., Hanley, S. (2016). The Fading Mirage of the «Liberal Consensus*. Journal of Democracy, № 27(1), P. 20-34. [in English]
Democracy Facing Global Challenges. V-Dem Annual Democracy (2019). Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg. 76 p. [in English]
Democracy for All? The V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2018 (2018). Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute, University of Gothenburg. 96 p. [in English]
Diamond, L. (2015). Facing up to the democratic recession. Journal of Democracy, № 26(1), P. 141-155. [in English]
Enyedi, Z. (2016). Populist Polarization and Party System Institutionalization: The Role of Party Politics in De-Democratization. Problems of Post-Communism, № 63(4), P. 210-220. [in English]
Fish, M.S. (2001). The Dynamics of Democratic Erosion. In: Anderson, R.D. et.al, Postcommunism and the theory of democracy. Chichester; Princeton: Princeton University Press. 216 p. [in English]
Fish, M.S. Wittenberg, J. (2009). Failed democratization. C.W. Haerpfer (Ed.), Democratization. New York : Oxford University Press, 2009, P. 260-265. [in English]
Fukuyama, F. (2015). Why Is Democracy Performing So Poorly? In: L.J. Diamond, M.F. Plattner. Democracy in decline? Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. [in English]
Greskovits, B. (2015). The Hollowing and Backsliding of Democracy in East Central Europe. Global Policy, № 6(1), P. 28-37. [in English]
Herman, L. (2016). Re-evaluating the post-communist success story: party elite loyalty, citizen mobilization and the erosion of Hungarian democracy. European Political Science Review, № 8(2), P. 251-284. [in English]
Huber, R.A., Schimpf, C.H. (2016). Friend or Foe? Testing the Influence of Populism on Democratic Quality in Latin America. Political Studies, № 64(4), P. 872-889. [in English]
Kapstein, E.B., Converse, N. (2008). The fate of young democracies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 188 p. [in English]
Krastev, I. (2016). Liberalism's Failure to Deliver. Journal of Democracy, № 27(1), P. 35-38. [in English]
Levitsky, S., Ziblatt, D. (2018). How Democracies Die. New York: Crown. 312 p. [in English]
Lührmann, A. et al. (2017). Democracy at Dusk? V-Dem Annual Report 2017. Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute, University of Gothenburg. 60 p. [in English]
Lust, E., Waldner, D. (2015). Theories of Democratic Change - Phase I: Theories of Democratic Backsliding. USAID Research and Innovation Grants Working Papers Series. 123 p. [in English]
Mechkova, V., Lührmann, A., Lindberg, S.I. (2017). How Much Backsliding? Journal of Democracy, № 28(4), P. 162-169. [in English]
Mounk, Y. (2018). The people vs. democracy. Why our freedom is in danger and how to save it. Harvard: U Press.
400 p. [in English]
Müller, J.-W. (2015). Should the EU Protect Democracy and the Rule of Law inside Member States. European Law Journal, № 21(2), P. 141-160. [in English]
Müller, J.-W. (2016). What is populism? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 136 p. [in English] Palonen, E. (2009). Political polarisation and populism in contemporary Hungary. Parliamentary Affairs, № 62(2), P. 318-334. [in English]
Pappas, T. (2014). Populist Democracies: Post-Authoritarian Greece and Post-Communist Hungary. Government and Opposition, № 49(1), P. 1-23. [in English]
Plattner, M. F. (2017). Liberal democracy's fading allure. Journal of Democracy, № 28(4), P. 5-14. [in English]
Pop-Eleches, G. (2010). Throwing out the bums. Protest voting and unorthodox parties after communism. World Politics, № 62(2), P. 221-260. [in English]
Przeworski, A. (2005). Democracy as an Equilibrium. Public Choice, № 123(3/4), P. 253-273. [in English]
Reynolds, A. (2011). Designing democracy in a dangerous world. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 218 p. [in English]
Runciman, D. (2018). How democracy ends. London: Profile Books. 256 p. [in English]
Rupnik, J. (2007). From Democracy Fatigue to Populist Backlash. Journal of Democracy, № 18(4), Р. 17-25. [in English]
Sitter, N., Bakke, E. (2019). Democratic Backsliding in the European Union. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. [in English]
Agh A. The Decline of Democracy in East-Central Europe: Hungary as the Worst-Case Scenario. Problems of Post-Communism. 2016. Vol. 63. № 5-6. Р. 277-287.
Batory A. Populists in government? Hungary's "system of national cooperation". Democratization. 2016. Vol. 23. № 2. Р. 283-303.
Bermeo N. On Democratic Backsliding. Journal of Democracy. 2016. Vol. 27. № 1. Р. 5-19.
Buzogäny A. Illiberal democracy in Hungary: authoritarian diffusion or domestic causation? Democratization.
2017. Vol. 24. № 7. P. 1307-1325.
Dawson J., Hanley S. The Fading Mirage of the «Liberal Consensus*. Journal of Democracy. 2016. Vol. 27. № 1.
P. 20-34.
Democracy Facing Global Challenges. V-Dem Annual Democracy. Gothenburg : University of Gothenburg, 2019. 76 p.
Democracy for All? The V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2018. Gothenburg : Varieties of Democracy Institute, University of Gothenburg, 2018. 96 p.
Diamond L. Facing up to the democratic recession. Journal of Democracy. 2015. Vol. 26(1). P. 141-155.
Enyedi Z. Populist Polarization and Party System Institutionalization: The Role of Party Politics in De-Democratization. Problems of Post-Communism. 2016. Vol. 63. № 4. P. 210-220.
Fish M.S. The Dynamics of Democratic Erosion. Postcommunism and the theory of democracy / R.D. Anderson et.al. Chichester; Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2001. 216 p.
Fish M.S. Wittenberg J. Failed democratization. Democratization. New York : Oxford University Press, 2009.
Р. 260-265.
Fukuyama F. Why Is Democracy Performing So Poorly? Democracy in decline? / L.J. Diamond, M.F. Plattner (eds.). Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015.
Greskovits B. The Hollowing and Backsliding of Democracy in East Central Europe. Global Policy. 2015. Vol. 6.
№ 1. P. 28-37.
Herman L. Re-evaluating the post-communist success story: party elite loyalty, citizen mobilization and the
erosion of Hungarian democracy. European Political Science Review. 2016. Vol. 8. № 2. P. 251-284.
Huber R.A., Schimpf C.H. Friend or Foe? Testing the Influence of Populism on Democratic Quality in Latin
America. Political Studies. 2016. Vol. 64. № 4. P. 872-889.
Kapstein E.B., Converse N. The fate of young democracies. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2008.
188 p.
Krastev I. Liberalism's Failure to Deliver. Journal of Democracy. 2016. Vol. 27. № 1. P. 35-38. Levitsky S., Ziblatt D. How Democracies Die. New York : Crown, 2018. 312 p.
Lührmann А. et al. Democracy at Dusk? V-Dem Annual Report 2017. Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute, University of Gothenburg, 2017. 60 p.
Lust E., Waldner D. Theories of Democratic Change - Phase I: Theories of Democratic Backsliding. USAID Research and Innovation Grants Working Papers Series, 2015. 123 p.
Mechkova V., Lührmann A., Lindberg S. I. How Much Backsliding? Journal of Democracy. 2017. Vol. 28. №
4. P. 162-169.
Mounk Y. The people vs. democracy. Why our freedom is in danger and how to save it. Harvard : U Press,
2018. 400 p.
Müller J.-W. Should the EU Protect Democracy and the Rule of Law inside Member States. European Law
Journal. 2015. Vol. 21. № 2. P. 141-160.
Müller J.-W. What is populism? Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. 136 p.
Palonen E. Political polarisation and populism in contemporary Hungary. Parliamentary Affairs. 2009. Vol. 62. № 2. P. 318-334.
Pappas T. Populist Democracies: Post-Authoritarian Greece and Post-Communist Hungary. Government and Opposition. 2014. Vol. 49. № 1. P 1-23.
Plattner M.F. Liberal democracy's fading allure. Journal of Democracy. 2017. Vol. 28. № 4. P. 5-14. Pop-Eleches G. Throwing out the bums. Protest voting and unorthodox parties after communism. World
Politics. 2010. Vol. 62. № 2. P. 221-260.
Przeworski A. Democracy as an Equilibrium. Public Choice. 2005. Vol. 123. № 3/4. P. 253-273. Reynolds A. Designing democracy in a dangerous world. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2011. 218 p. Runciman D. How democracy ends. London : Profile Books, 2018. 256 p.
Rupnik J. From Democracy Fatigue to Populist Backlash. Journal of Democracy. 2007. Vol. 18. № 4. P. 17-25. Sitter N., Bakke E. Democratic Backsliding in the European Union. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics,
2019.
Agh, A. (2013). The triple crisis in Hungary: The "Backsliding" of Hungarian Democracy after Twenty Years. Romanian Journal of Political Science, № 13(1). P. 25-51. [in English]
Agh, A. (2016). The Decline of Democracy in East-Central Europe: Hungary as the Worst-Case Scenario. Problems of Post-Communism. № 63(5-6), P. 277-287. [in English]
Batory, A. (2016). Populists in government? Hungary's "system of national cooperation". Democratization. № 23(2). P. 283-303. [in English]
Bermeo, N. (2016). On Democratic Backsliding. Journal of Democracy, 27(1). P. 5-19. [in English]
Buzogäny, A. (2017). Illiberal democracy in Hungary: authoritarian diffusion or domestic causation?
Democratization. № 24 (7). P. 1307-1325. [in English]
Dawson, J., Hanley, S. (2016). The Fading Mirage of the «Liberal Consensus*. Journal of Democracy, № 27(1), P. 20-34. [in English]
Democracy Facing Global Challenges. V-Dem Annual Democracy (2019). Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg. 76 p. [in English]
Democracy for All? The V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2018 (2018). Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute, University of Gothenburg. 96 p. [in English]
Diamond, L. (2015). Facing up to the democratic recession. Journal of Democracy, № 26(1), P. 141-155. [in English]
Enyedi, Z. (2016). Populist Polarization and Party System Institutionalization: The Role of Party Politics in De-Democratization. Problems of Post-Communism, № 63(4), P. 210-220. [in English]
Fish, M.S. (2001). The Dynamics of Democratic Erosion. In: Anderson, R.D. et.al, Postcommunism and the theory of democracy. Chichester; Princeton: Princeton University Press. 216 p. [in English]
Fish, M.S. Wittenberg, J. (2009). Failed democratization. C.W. Haerpfer (Ed.), Democratization. New York : Oxford University Press, 2009, P. 260-265. [in English]
Fukuyama, F. (2015). Why Is Democracy Performing So Poorly? In: L.J. Diamond, M.F. Plattner. Democracy in decline? Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. [in English]
Greskovits, B. (2015). The Hollowing and Backsliding of Democracy in East Central Europe. Global Policy, № 6(1), P. 28-37. [in English]
Herman, L. (2016). Re-evaluating the post-communist success story: party elite loyalty, citizen mobilization and the erosion of Hungarian democracy. European Political Science Review, № 8(2), P. 251-284. [in English]
Huber, R.A., Schimpf, C.H. (2016). Friend or Foe? Testing the Influence of Populism on Democratic Quality in Latin America. Political Studies, № 64(4), P. 872-889. [in English]
Kapstein, E.B., Converse, N. (2008). The fate of young democracies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 188 p. [in English]
Krastev, I. (2016). Liberalism's Failure to Deliver. Journal of Democracy, № 27(1), P. 35-38. [in English]
Levitsky, S., Ziblatt, D. (2018). How Democracies Die. New York: Crown. 312 p. [in English]
Lührmann, A. et al. (2017). Democracy at Dusk? V-Dem Annual Report 2017. Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute, University of Gothenburg. 60 p. [in English]
Lust, E., Waldner, D. (2015). Theories of Democratic Change - Phase I: Theories of Democratic Backsliding. USAID Research and Innovation Grants Working Papers Series. 123 p. [in English]
Mechkova, V., Lührmann, A., Lindberg, S.I. (2017). How Much Backsliding? Journal of Democracy, № 28(4), P. 162-169. [in English]
Mounk, Y. (2018). The people vs. democracy. Why our freedom is in danger and how to save it. Harvard: U Press.
400 p. [in English]
Müller, J.-W. (2015). Should the EU Protect Democracy and the Rule of Law inside Member States. European Law Journal, № 21(2), P. 141-160. [in English]
Müller, J.-W. (2016). What is populism? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 136 p. [in English] Palonen, E. (2009). Political polarisation and populism in contemporary Hungary. Parliamentary Affairs, № 62(2), P. 318-334. [in English]
Pappas, T. (2014). Populist Democracies: Post-Authoritarian Greece and Post-Communist Hungary. Government and Opposition, № 49(1), P. 1-23. [in English]
Plattner, M. F. (2017). Liberal democracy's fading allure. Journal of Democracy, № 28(4), P. 5-14. [in English]
Pop-Eleches, G. (2010). Throwing out the bums. Protest voting and unorthodox parties after communism. World Politics, № 62(2), P. 221-260. [in English]
Przeworski, A. (2005). Democracy as an Equilibrium. Public Choice, № 123(3/4), P. 253-273. [in English]
Reynolds, A. (2011). Designing democracy in a dangerous world. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 218 p. [in English]
Runciman, D. (2018). How democracy ends. London: Profile Books. 256 p. [in English]
Rupnik, J. (2007). From Democracy Fatigue to Populist Backlash. Journal of Democracy, № 18(4), Р. 17-25. [in English]
Sitter, N., Bakke, E. (2019). Democratic Backsliding in the European Union. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. [in English]
